Standard Materials

BaSrTiO3,

BiSrTa(Nb)Ox,

Sr2Nb2O7,(Sr,Ba)

Nb2O6,BTO,

STO,

PbTiO3,

PZT,

PLT,

PLZT,

Ir,

Ru,

Ir-Pt,

Ir-Ru,

Pt

Standard Materials

R1-xSrxMnO3(R:La, Nd,Sm, Pr, Gd),

R1-xCaxMnO3

GMR For Laser Ablation

Applications

The simplest application of laser ablation is to remove material from a solid surface in a controlled fashion. Laser machining and particularly laser drilling are examples; pulsed lasers can drill extremely small, deep holes through very hard materials. Very short laser pulses remove material so quickly that the surrounding material absorbs very little heat, so laser drilling can be done on delicate or heat-sensitive materials, including tooth enamel (laser dentistry). Several workers have employed laser ablation and gas condensation to produce nano particles of metal, metal oxides and metal carbides.

Another class of applications uses laser ablation to process the material removed into new forms either not possible or difficult to produce by other means. A recent example is the production of carbon nanotubes.

Standard Materials

CoPt,

CoCrPt,

CoCrTaPt,

CoCrTaPt+SiO2(Al2O3),

NiP series(Foundation film),

Cr, C+a(protection film)

Hard Disks

The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually aluminium alloy, glass, or ceramic, and are coated with a shallow layer of magnetic material typically 10–20 nm in depth, with an outer layer of carbon for protection. For reference, a standard piece of copy paper is 0.07–0.18 millimetres (70,000–180,000 nm).

Standard Materials

TbFeCo,

GdFeCo,

DyFeCo,

Al-Ti,

Al-Cr,

Al-Ta,

Si-B.

The larger storage capacity of a DVD-R compared to a CD-R is achieved through smaller pit size and smaller track pitch of the groove spiral which guides the laser beam. Consequently, more pits can be written on the same physical sized disc. In order to write smaller pits onto the recording dye layer, a red laser beam with a wavelength of 640 nm (for general use recordable DVD, versus a wavelength of 780 nm for CD-R) is used in conjunction with a higher numerical aperture lens. Because of this shorter wavelength, DVD-R and DVD+R use different dyes from CD-R to properly absorb this wavelength.

DVD-R discs are composed of two 0.6 mm acrylic discs, bonded with an adhesive to each other. One contains the laser guiding groove and is coated with the recording dye and a silver alloy or gold reflector. The other one (for single-sided discs) is an ungrooved 'dummy' disc to assure mechanical stability of the sandwich structure, and compatibility with the compact disc standard geometry which requires a total disc thickness of about 1.2 mm. The sandwich structure also helps protect the data containing layer from scratches with a thick "dummy" disc, a problem with CDs, which lack that structure. Double-sided discs have two grooved, recordable disc sides, and require the user to flip the disc to access the other side. Compared to a CD's 1.2 mm thickness, a DVD's laser beam only has to penetrate 0.6 mm of plastic in order to reach the dye recording layer, which allows the lens to focus the beam to a smaller spot size to write smaller pits.

In a DVD-R, the addressing (the determination of location of the laser beam on the disc) is done with additional pits and lands (called land pre-pits) in the areas between the grooves. The groove on a DVD-R disc has a constant wobble frequency used for motor control, etc.

An IBM chip that integrates both electronic and photonic components – a rare example of scaling lasers down small enough to fit on a chip die.

Standard Materials

GeSbTe,

AgInSbTe,

ZnS-SiO2,

Ai-Ti,

Al-Cr,

Al-Ta,

Phase Change of Optical Memory

Basically, the British researchers have taken a chalcogenide glass — which are always p-type semiconductors — and managed to turn it into an n-type semiconductor. (In this case, they germanium telluride (GeTe) and ionically doped it with bismuth to create an n-type). This allowed them to build a p-n junction — the primary building block of almost every semiconductor device, from transistors to LEDs to photovoltaic cells.

The research paper seems to stop short of actually using these chalcogenide p-n junctions, merely marveling at the fact that they’ve managed to create them in the first place — but the accompanying press release is pretty optimistic about their world-changing applications. “The challenge is to find a single material that can effectively use and control light to carry information around a computer. Much like how the web uses light to deliver information, we want to use light to both deliver and process computer data,” says project leader Richard Curry. “In doing so, this could transform the computers of tomorrow, allowing them to effectively process information at much faster speeds.”

A small sample of the high-temperature superconductor BSCCO-2223.

Standard Materials

YBCO(Y1Ba2Cu3Ox),

LaBaCuO,

NdBaCuO,

PrBaCuO,

SmBaCuO,

BSCCO,

BKBO,

Nd2CuO4,

Gd2CuO4.

High Temp. Superconduction

The Meissner effect or a magnet levitating above a superconductor (cooled by liquid nitrogen)

Standard Materials

(Reactive Nitride) AI,Ti,Ti-Al, Cr, Zr, Hf

(Lubricated) MoS2, C,

Hard Coating

Hard coatings for wear resistance are commonly used in the cutting tool industry. The application of such coatings can be performed by a number of methods:

Arc evaporation (e.g. Sulzer, Ionbond, Hauzer)

Thermal evaporation (electron beam) (e.g.Oerlikon Balzers, TecVac)

Magnetron sputtering (e.g. Cemecon, Hauzer, TCL)

Environmental and economic considerations have emphasized the trend for more dry machining. Advanced wear-resistant coatings with increased oxidation resistance such as PVD TiAlN offer an advantage for dry machining of cast iron and alloyed steel. Although some important cutting operations are still not possible without coolants, further possibilities for dry drilling and tapping of steels are enabled by the recent approach using tools with hard coating layers topped with a lubricant layer. The combination of hard/soft coating layers allows improved chip flow with a lowered coefficient of friction and reduced cutting force. In this work, the hard/soft coating consists of a low-internal-stress TiAlN (hard layer) and WC/C (lubricant layer) of medium microhardness and low coefficient of friction. Both coating types are produced economically and reproducibly in one production scale PVD coating system. Recent performance data from field tests will be presented.

Standard Materials

Li(La) CoO2,

Li(La) NiO2,

Li(Co,Ni)O2,

LiMn2O4,

YSZ

Battery Cell

An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Although the term battery technically means a device with multiple cells, single cells are also popularly called batteries.

Standard Materials

Ni,

Cr,

Ni-Cr,

Ni-Cr-Fe,

Cu-Ni,

Cr-SiO,

Cr-Si,

Ta,Mo,

Resistor & Capacitor

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Standard Materials

AZO,

GZO,

ZnO,

SnO2,

ITO,

Si

SiAl,

Cr,

Ti,

Ni(V),

Al,

CuIn,

CuGa,

CIG,

Se

Sensor

A sensor is a transducer whose purpose is to sense (that is, to detect) some characteristic of its environments. It detects events or changes in quantities and provides a corresponding output, generally as an electrical or optical signal; for example, a thermo couple converts temperature to an output voltage. But a mercury-in-glass thermometer is also a sensor; it converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.

The heart rate sensor can also use infrared light. This mode is what Apple Watch uses when it measures your heart rate every 10 minutes.